Florence Nightingale produced the original Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army in the East in late 1858.  It showed that most of the British soldiers who died  during the Crimean War died of sickness (blue) rather than of wounds or other causes (red or black).  It also showed that the death rate was higher in the first year of the war (right half of diagram), before the Sanitary Commissioners arrived in March 1855 to improve hygiene in the camps and hospitals.

This diagram is now usually referred to as the "coxcomb", which is historically incorrect because the diagram did not even exist when Florence Nightingale used that word to describe something quite different! 

For more details go to Hugh Small's article on graphic presentation of statistical information 

Download the Coxcomb diagram as a .tif file (300 kb)